一般循環水(shui)(shui)管壁的生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)膜難以通過常規殺菌劑清洗(xi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)的氫氧(yang)自由基（·OH）可氧(yang)化(hua)破壞生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)膜胞外聚(ju)合物(wu)（EPS），實現物(wu)理(li)剝離。采用(yong)脈沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)解模式(shi)（頻(pin)率(lv)100 Hz，占空(kong)比(bi)50%）時，鈦基電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)產生(sheng)(sheng)的·OH能(neng)(neng)(neng)滲透(tou)至生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)膜深(shen)層，剝離效率(lv)比(bi)連續電(dian)(dian)(dian)解提高(gao)40%。某制藥(yao)廠(chang)案例(li)中，每(mei)周運行2小時電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學處理(li)，生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)膜厚度從500 μm降至50 μm以下，換熱效率(lv)恢復至設計值的95%。需注意高(gao)濃(nong)度·OH可能(neng)(neng)(neng)腐蝕非金屬管道（如PVC），建議配合緩蝕劑投加。智能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)自動適應水(shui)(shui)質變(bian)化(hua)。海水(shui)(shui)淡化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)除硬系統

循環(huan)水(shui)(shui)pH值的穩(wen)定對(dui)抑(yi)制(zhi)腐蝕和結垢(gou)至(zhi)關重要(yao)。電化(hua)學pH調節(jie)技術(shu)通過電解水(shui)(shui)反應（陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)：2H?O→4H?+O?+4e?；陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)：2H?O+2e?→2OH?+H?）實(shi)現酸(suan)(suan)堿的精細(xi)調控(kong)(kong)。采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)分隔式(shi)電解槽時，陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)室pH可(ke)升至(zhi)10-11用(yong)(yong)(yong)于防垢(gou)，陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)室pH降至(zhi)2-3用(yong)(yong)(yong)于酸(suan)(suan)性清洗。某化(hua)工(gong)廠采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)鈦基銥鉭(tan)電極(ji)(ji)(ji)系(xi)統(tong)，通過PLC控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電流密度（5-15 mA/cm?）將(jiang)循環(huan)水(shui)(shui)pH穩(wen)定在(zai)8.5±0.3，相比傳統(tong)酸(suan)(suan)堿加藥減少藥劑(ji)消耗60%。該技術(shu)特(te)別適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于高堿度水(shui)(shui)質（M-alk>300 mg/L），但需(xu)(xu)注意陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)室可(ke)能生成Ca(OH)?沉(chen)淀(dian)，需(xu)(xu)配置超聲波防垢(gou)裝置。海水(shui)(shui)淡(dan)化(hua)電極(ji)(ji)(ji)除硬系(xi)統(tong)電化(hua)學處理(li)循環(huan)水(shui)(shui)滿足地表水(shui)(shui)Ⅲ類標準。

PFAS（如PFOA、PFOS）因C-F鍵能高（~116 kcal/mol），常規方法幾乎無法降解。電氧化技術通過陽極生成的·OH和空穴（h?）攻擊PFAS的羧基或磺酸基，逐步脫氟并縮短碳鏈。BDD電極在10 mA/cm?下處理PFOA 4小時，脫氟率>95%，且無短鏈PFAS積累。優化方向包括：①提高電極對PFAS的吸附能力（如碳納米管修飾）；②添加助催化劑（如Ce??）促進C-F鍵斷裂；③開發電流密度（<2 mA/cm?）的長周期運行模式以降低能耗。該技術已被美國EPA列為PFAS處理推薦技術之一。

氯(lv)離(li)子(zi)對電極(ji)氧化的影(ying)響主要體現在：①競(jing)爭吸附破壞鈍(dun)化膜（Cl?與O??競(jing)爭金屬表面位點）；②形成可溶性(xing)金屬氯(lv)配合(he)物（如FeCl?）；③形成酸性(xing)微環境。當(dang)Cl?濃度超過300mg/L時，316不銹鋼的點蝕電位會(hui)從(cong)+0.35V驟降至+0.05V。值(zhi)得注意的是(shi)，Cl?/SO???比(bi)值(zhi)超過0.5時，協同效應會(hui)明(ming)顯加劇腐蝕，這解釋了為何海水冷(leng)卻系統(tong)需要特種合(he)金電極(ji)。

硫酸鹽還原菌(jun)（SRB）等微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物可(ke)通過獨特機制加速電(dian)極氧化：①分泌酸性(xing)代謝物；②形成(cheng)差(cha)異(yi)通氣電(dian)池；③直接參與電(dian)子轉移。研(yan)究發現(xian)SRB存在(zai)時，碳鋼腐蝕速率(lv)可(ke)達(da)無菌(jun)環境的(de)5-10倍。更復雜的(de)是，微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物生(sheng)(sheng)物膜會導致電(dian)極表面pH梯度變化，某(mou)些區域(yu)pH可(ke)低至2-3，這(zhe)種微(wei)區酸化現(xian)象常規探頭難以檢測(ce)，需(xu)借助微(wei)電(dian)極陣列進行空間分辨測(ce)量。 電(dian)化學(xue)沉積回收(shou)銅純度達(da)99.5%。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極材料是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氧化技術的(de)重要部(bu)分，其催(cui)化活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、穩定(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)成(cheng)本(ben)直接決定(ding)應(ying)用(yong)可(ke)行性(xing)(xing)(xing)。目前研究較多的(de)包(bao)括金屬氧化物電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極（如(ru)Ti/RuO?、Ti/PbO?）、BDD電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極及碳基電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極（如(ru)石(shi)墨、碳氈）。Ti/RuO?電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極具有高析(xi)氧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位（1.6 V vs. SHE），適合處理含氯廢水(shui)(shui)，但(dan)易發生析(xi)氧副(fu)反(fan)應(ying)；Ti/PbO?電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極成(cheng)本(ben)較低且催(cui)化活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)強(qiang)，但(dan)長(chang)期運行后(hou)Pb溶出可(ke)能(neng)造成(cheng)二次污染(ran)。BDD電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極因其化學惰性(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)超高氧析(xi)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位（>2.3 V）成(cheng)為難降解有機(ji)物處理的(de)理想選擇，但(dan)制備成(cheng)本(ben)限制了大(da)規模應(ying)用(yong)。未來趨(qu)勢是開(kai)發復合涂層電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極（如(ru)SnO?-Sb/Ti）或非貴金屬催(cui)化劑，以(yi)兼顧性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)與經濟性(xing)(xing)(xing)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學系統使(shi)冷卻(que)塔逼(bi)近溫差降至(zhi)3℃。北京循壞水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極設(she)施(shi)

電極系統運行噪(zao)音低于50分貝。海(hai)水淡化(hua)電極除(chu)硬系統

在(zai)氯(lv)堿工(gong)業中(zhong)，鈦電(dian)極(ji)的(de)(de)應(ying)用具有性(xing)意義。傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)石墨電(dian)極(ji)在(zai)電(dian)解(jie)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)存(cun)在(zai)壽(shou)命(ming)短(duan)、能耗(hao)高(gao)、產品質量不穩定等問題，而鈦基二氧化(hua)釕電(dian)極(ji)的(de)(de)出現(xian)改變了(le)(le)這(zhe)一現(xian)狀。在(zai)電(dian)解(jie)飽和食鹽水(shui)生產氯(lv)氣、氫(qing)氣和氫(qing)氧化(hua)鈉的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，鈦基二氧化(hua)釕陽極(ji)對析(xi)氯(lv)反應(ying)具有優異的(de)(de)電(dian)催化(hua)活性(xing)和選擇(ze)性(xing)，能夠在(zai)較低的(de)(de)槽電(dian)壓下(xia)高(gao)效地將(jiang)氯(lv)離(li)子氧化(hua)為氯(lv)氣，降(jiang)低了(le)(le)電(dian)能消(xiao)耗(hao)。同時，鈦電(dian)極(ji)的(de)(de)長壽(shou)命(ming)減少(shao)了(le)(le)電(dian)極(ji)更換(huan)頻率，提高(gao)了(le)(le)生產的(de)(de)連續性(xing)和穩定性(xing)，降(jiang)低了(le)(le)生產成本。如(ru)今，鈦電(dian)極(ji)已成為氯(lv)堿工(gong)業電(dian)解(jie)槽的(de)(de)主流電(dian)極(ji)材料，推動了(le)(le)整個行業的(de)(de)技術進步(bu)和產業升級(ji)。海水(shui)淡化(hua)電(dian)極(ji)除硬系統