在氯堿工業中(zhong)，鈦(tai)(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用具(ju)有(you)性(xing)意義。傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)墨(mo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)過程中(zhong)存在壽命短、能(neng)(neng)耗高(gao)、產(chan)品(pin)質量不穩(wen)定等問題，而鈦(tai)(tai)基二(er)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)釕電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)出現改變了(le)這一現狀。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)飽(bao)和(he)食(shi)鹽水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)氯氣、氫(qing)氣和(he)氫(qing)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鈉的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中(zhong)，鈦(tai)(tai)基二(er)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)釕陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)對析氯反應(ying)具(ju)有(you)優異的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)催化(hua)(hua)活性(xing)和(he)選擇性(xing)，能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)在較低(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)槽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下(xia)高(gao)效地將(jiang)氯離(li)子氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)為氯氣，降(jiang)低(di)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)消耗。同時，鈦(tai)(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)長壽命減少(shao)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)更換頻率，提(ti)高(gao)了(le)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)連續性(xing)和(he)穩(wen)定性(xing)，降(jiang)低(di)了(le)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)成(cheng)本。如今(jin)，鈦(tai)(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)已成(cheng)為氯堿工業電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)槽的(de)(de)(de)(de)主流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)材料，推動了(le)整個行(xing)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術進(jin)步和(he)產(chan)業升(sheng)級(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學方法使碳鋼腐蝕速率降(jiang)至0.02mm/a。寧夏海水(shui)淡化(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)設備

電(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)法(fa)也是制備(bei)鈦(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極的(de)(de)重要手段。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)過程中(zhong)，將鈦(tai)基(ji)體作為陰極，浸入(ru)含(han)有活(huo)性(xing)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)離子的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)液中(zhong)，通過施加合適的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)密(mi)度，使活(huo)性(xing)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)離子在鈦(tai)基(ji)體表面還(huan)原沉積，形成(cheng)活(huo)性(xing)涂(tu)層(ceng)。例(li)如，在制備(bei)鈦(tai)基(ji)貴金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極時，可以(yi)(yi)采用電(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)法(fa)將金(jin)(jin)、鉑(bo)等貴金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)沉積在鈦(tai)基(ji)體表面。電(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)法(fa)能夠精確(que)控(kong)制涂(tu)層(ceng)的(de)(de)厚度和(he)成(cheng)分，制備(bei)出(chu)具有均(jun)勻涂(tu)層(ceng)的(de)(de)鈦(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極。同時，通過調(diao)整電(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)液的(de)(de)配方(fang)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)工藝參(can)數，還(huan)可以(yi)(yi)制備(bei)出(chu)具有特殊結構和(he)性(xing)能的(de)(de)涂(tu)層(ceng)，滿足(zu)不同的(de)(de)應(ying)用需求 。廣東海(hai)水淡化電(dian)(dian)(dian)極電(dian)(dian)(dian)化學處理使抗(kang)性(xing)基(ji)因豐度下降2個數量級。

氰的(de)反應物(wu)是電鍍、冶金廢水(shui)(shui)的(de)典型毒性(xing)成(cheng)分(fen)，電氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)技術能將其(qi)高效轉(zhuan)化(hua)為(wei)低毒產(chan)物(wu)。在堿(jian)性(xing)條件下（pH>10），氰根（CN?）在陽極被直接氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)為(wei)氰酸根（OCN?），進一步水(shui)(shui)解(jie)為(wei)CO?和NH?。采用Ti/RuO?-IrO?電極時(shi)，CN?去除率(lv)可(ke)達(da)99.9%，且電流效率(lv)高達(da)70%。若廢水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)含(han)重(zhong)金屬（如Cu??），電氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)還可(ke)同(tong)步破(po)絡(luo)合(he)并沉淀(dian)金屬離(li)(li)子。該(gai)技術的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)參數是pH控(kong)制（防止HCN揮發）和氯離(li)(li)子濃度（NaCl作為(wei)電解(jie)質時(shi)可(ke)生成(cheng)活性(xing)氯強化(hua)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)），實際應用中(zhong)需避(bi)免中(zhong)間產(chan)物(wu)（如CNCl）的(de)生成(cheng)風險。

工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)主要用(yong)于研(yan)究電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)反(fan)(fan)應的實驗(yan)，研(yan)究人員期望在(zai)該電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)上發生所(suo)關注的特定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)反(fan)(fan)應。對于工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)，有諸多要求(qiu)。它可以(yi)(yi)是固體(ti)(ti)，也可以(yi)(yi)是液(ye)體(ti)(ti)，各類能導電(dian)(dian)(dian)的固體(ti)(ti)材料基本都(dou)能作為(wei)工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)。同(tong)時，所(suo)研(yan)究的電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)反(fan)(fan)應不能受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)自身其他反(fan)(fan)應的干擾(rao)，并且要能在(zai)較寬的電(dian)(dian)(dian)位區域內進(jin)行測定(ding)，還必須保證電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)不與溶劑或電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)組分發生反(fan)(fan)應。常見(jian)的 “惰性” 固體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)材料如玻碳、鉑、金等常被(bei)選(xuan)用(yong)，以(yi)(yi)滿足實驗(yan)需(xu)求(qiu)。

醫(yi)用(yong)電(dian)極(ji)在**領域發(fa)揮著重要作用(yong)，以(yi)心電(dian)圖機為例(li)，電(dian)極(ji)需要被準確(que)放置在患者皮膚(fu)上，用(yong)于(yu)檢測心臟的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)活動(dong)。心臟在跳動(dong)過(guo)(guo)程中會產生(sheng)(sheng)微弱的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)信號(hao)，這(zhe)些信號(hao)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)皮膚(fu)傳導到(dao)電(dian)極(ji)上，電(dian)極(ji)將其收集(ji)并傳輸(shu)到(dao)心電(dian)圖機中，經過(guo)(guo)處(chu)理后形成心電(dian)圖，醫(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)依(yi)據(ju)心電(dian)圖的(de)(de)(de)波形特征，能夠判斷(duan)患者心臟的(de)(de)(de)健(jian)康狀況(kuang)，檢測是否存在心律失常、心肌缺血等心臟疾病(bing)，為臨床診斷(duan)提供(gong)關(guan)鍵(jian)依(yi)據(ju)，在心血管疾病(bing)的(de)(de)(de)診斷(duan)中具(ju)有(you)不可替代的(de)(de)(de)地位。 電(dian)化(hua)學技術處(chu)理循環(huan)水(shui)見(jian)效快。

目(mu)前相比傳統氯消毒，電(dian)(dian)(dian)氧化(hua)(hua)可(ke)同步殺滅病原體和降解(jie)(jie)微污染物(wu)（如(ru)農藥、內(nei)分(fen)(fen)泌干擾物(wu)）。采用(yong)(yong)Ti/IrO?-Ta?O?電(dian)(dian)(dian)極時，大腸(chang)桿菌(jun)的(de)滅活(huo)率(lv)在5分(fen)(fen)鐘內(nei)達99.99%，且(qie)無消毒副產物(wu)（DBPs）生(sheng)成。對于飲用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)中常(chang)見的(de)阿特拉津（除草劑），電(dian)(dian)(dian)氧化(hua)(hua)優(you)先攻擊其叔胺基團(tuan)，降解(jie)(jie)路徑明確。實際應(ying)用(yong)(yong)中需平(ping)衡消毒效果與能耗（通(tong)常(chang)<0.5 kWh/m?），并考(kao)慮水(shui)(shui)源水(shui)(shui)質（如(ru)天然有機物(wu)的(de)干擾）。形(xing)成了模塊化(hua)(hua)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氧化(hua)(hua)設備已(yi)經(jing)成功作用(yong)(yong)于農村分(fen)(fen)散式供水(shui)(shui)處理。銅離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)釋(shi)放(fang)有效抑制(zhi)藻類滋生(sheng)。寧(ning)夏(xia)海水(shui)(shui)淡化(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極設備

循環水(shui)電(dian)極處理(li)系統運(yun)行穩(wen)定。寧(ning)夏海水(shui)淡化電(dian)極設備

PPCPs（如防(fang)曬(shai)劑(ji)）在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)體中持(chi)續積累，傳統工(gong)藝(yi)難以(yi)有效去(qu)除(chu)。電(dian)氧化(hua)技術(shu)可通過自(zi)由基(ji)攻擊實(shi)現PPCPs的分(fen)子結構(gou)破壞。以(yi)磺胺甲(jia)惡唑（SMX）為(wei)例(li)，BDD電(dian)極(ji)在(zai)10 mA/cm?電(dian)流密度下處理2小時，SMX降(jiang)解率>95%，且毒性評估顯示中間產物無(wu)生態風險。關(guan)鍵挑戰在(zai)于PPCPs的低(di)濃度（ng/L~μg/L）和高背景有機物干擾，需通過提高電(dian)極(ji)選(xuan)擇性（如分(fen)子印跡改(gai)性）或耦合(he)前置(zhi)吸(xi)附(fu)工(gong)藝(yi)來(lai)增強靶向(xiang)降(jiang)解。此(ci)外，實(shi)際水(shui)(shui)(shui)體中碳酸鹽(yan)等(deng)自(zi)由基(ji)淬滅(mie)劑(ji)會降(jiang)低(di)效率，需優化(hua)反應條件(jian)以(yi)抑制(zhi)副反應。寧夏海水(shui)(shui)(shui)淡化(hua)電(dian)極(ji)設備